Goal of My Life Essay Example for Free

Goal of My Life EssayThere be many goals in life that I bring forth planned to accomplish. When I was in heights school the most important goal was to finish the school with a G. P. A. 3. 0 or higher so that I could get into prestigious colleges. I have accomplished that goal, I graduated high school with a 3. 2 G. P. A. However, when I got into college people start asking me, What are you planning to do after you finish college? This is one of the toughest questions for a college student. Since I have been a student for all my life, I would have a hard time to tell the question.For every typical graduates would do is to find a job that suits with the field that they have learnt or help with their family business. People said that if you fatiguet have any idea on what you really want to do in your life, start with the things that interests you, things that you enjoy doing. Therefore, my goals in life are to take care of my parents when they are old, marry the best man, hel p the community, get a good job that makes me happy and lets me enough money to support my family.The first major goal in my life is to take care of my parents because in the Buddhist world, taught me that to take care of your parents is the most virtuous thing in life. Parents are the people that give behave and raise me to be a good individual in the society, therefore I have to give back what they have given me for all their lives. The bit goal in my life would be every girls dream that is to marry the best man (on earth).These days to find the right guy is very grueling thing to do because it is almost impossible. From the research of 100 guys, found that at least 50 guys are gay, 20 guys are married, 10 are in jail, 5 became monks, 5 are unattractive, 5 are dis qualifiedd, 3 have HIV, 1 is in asylum(27 August 2012). However, I still debate that every person are destine to be with someone, and I will find my best man someday. Another goal in my life is to help others.I bel ieve that every people should learn how to give and take, its the only way to make this world a better place. When you make more then you should give back more. By that I mean helping the community. I may not be able to donate tons of money to the people in need but I started off with little things such as littering in proper places and donate essentials to the orphanage. And in the future I would promote tuition for children that are in need. My last important goal is to get a good job with ood money. In this life I dont expect to be a millionaire, I just want a job that makes me happy and gives me enough money to support my family. The reason why I dont want to be a millionaire is because when you make more money, money will consume more of your time and you wont be able to enjoy your happiness. I have set these goals to remind me that these are the reasons why I am here. And everyday that I live, everything that I do more or less would help me to accomplish these goals.

The Global Financial Crisis On Gcc Countries Economics Essay

The Global Financial Crisis On Gcc Countries Economics EssayThe planetary pecuniary crises that erupted in 2008 affected all countries, rich and poor, to varying degrees, worldwide (Iqbal 2008). Financial markets around the world became more volatile and the frugal retardent created a ripple effect beginning with the United States and Europe into several more sparingalally structured countries (Nabibi 2009). In a short span of time, severe economic losses were reported by banks, substantive estate, and equity markets. Blackstone chief executive officer (CEO) Steve Schwarzman stated in the Davos World Economic Forum that the spheric economic meltdown destroyed 40 percent of the worlds wealth (Conway 2009).The crisis began in September 2007 and concentrated in US real estate termed as the subprime crisis and eventually develop into what economists called the credit crunch in 2008 (Nabibi 2009). As American and European banks incurred losses beca exercise of exposure to sub- prime assets, their capital was reduced and affected their capacity to lend. Moreover, corporate and household borrowers began to deleverage (Al Maraj 2008). As major pecuniary institutions went bankrupt and household wealth eroded, investor and consumer confidence went down portentously (Woertz 2008). Quick policy responses from judicatures of the West was able to prevent their economies from plummeting into depression, but the U.S. experience one of its worst nooks since the Second World War (United Nations 2009a). period economists have said that no country was sp atomic number 18d as a result of the global pecuniary crisis, the effects were disparate among different economies. For instance, the more severe losses were experienced by highly integrated economies and had minimal impact on Arab economies which are little integrated (Behrendt, Haq and Kamel 2009). However, the global economic slowdown also resulted to the decline in demand for oil, which claims a significan t chunk in the exports of countries composing the Gulf Cooperation Council or GCC (Nabibi 2009). The initial impact of the crisis was the sudden plunge of oil prices, coupled with the depletion of half of local store markets by half, and the loss of value of investments in the global market. The moderate in oil prices affected the oil-exporting GCC countries which are also the most globalized in the sphere (Fakir 2009). The domino effect came later unemployment, decline in remittances, reduced government income, reduced trade and investment and reduced social service allocations (United Nations Development Programme UNDP 2010). On the other(a) hand, GCC decision makers and finance ministers have reiterated that strict pecuniary oversight has shielded their economies from the worst effects of the global crisis (Tzannatos 2009). The finance ministers stated that the abundant liquidity is enough to assuage investor concerns and highlight the stability of the monetary scheme of th e GCC (Al Jazeera 2008).Nevertheless, these effects can non be generalized for all the GCC countries given their diversity (Nabibi 2009). Countries that are more exposed to global capital, investment and consumption demand face a greater risk of being affected by the crisis than others. For instance, Dubai in the UAE, which depend heavily on international capital, tourism and real estate, seems to be more adversely affected than other countries. On the other hand, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, which has only 25 per cent foreign workers compared to much higher proportions in the other GCC economies might be much less affected than others (Rajan and Narayana 2009). The crisis seems to have visibly despatch the GCC economies in the beginning of 2009. However, both the depth and intensity of crisis and the possibility of turnaround are not clear.This paper examines the impact of the global financial crisis on the six countries who are members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Bahrain, Kuw ait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).2 ObjectivesThis get seeks to1. Assess the impact of the recession on key industries in the GCC economies2. Assess the impact of the recession on employment and other social services3. Identify the measures underinterpreted by various stakeholders to alleviate the adverse effects.3 Topic AreaThe central topic of this matter is the 2008 global financial crisis, which is one of the most significant economic phenomena that caused turmoil in countries all over the world. To some economists, it demonstrated the volatility and instability of increasingly integrated economies under a globalized world. As many have observed, the countries which were greatest hit by the crisis were those which were highly globalized (Nabibi 2009). The implications of the crisis for the GCC are significant. In the Arab region, GCC countries are the most globalized, so logically, the erosion of corporate wealth in the US and Europe would hav e an accompanying impact on the GCC economies. Indeed, as the World Bank (2009) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) studies have shown, stock markets in all of the GCC countries experienced a significant decline because of the withdrawal of investment from foreign financial institutions. Moreover, privately-funded and domestic projects have been cancelled or abandoned, resulting to a great number of people being primed(p) off and without jobs (Tzannatos 2009 Rajan and Narayana 2009). Despite pronouncements from government decision makers, the effects of the downturn on GCC economies seemed evident (Woertz 2008). Many organizations such as the World Bank and the ILO conducted impact assessments to modulate the effect of the financial crisis on trade and industry in the GCC (Iqbal 2008). Understanding how it impacts the GCC economies and determining the effectiveness of the policy responses by governments shed light on how best to strengthen economies to mitigate the ef fects of the global financial crisis. After all, it seems certain that the global financial crisis of 2008 was not the maiden to its kind and will not be the last.4 Literature ReviewStudies and statistics assessing the impact of the global financial crisis on Arab countries have mixed results. Some have stated that the impact, objet dart present, has been minimal (Behrendt, Haq, and Kamel 2009 Khamis 2010) while others have hypothesized of a more lingering adverse impact for oil-exporting economies such as those in the GCC (Nabibi 2009 Bloomberg 2010).The initial pathway for the effects of the crisis to become transmitted into the GCC was its financial markets. It began with the regional stock markets characterized by high volatility. Financial institutions as well as real estate developers, which comprise among the largely publicly-listed corporations in the GCC were adversely affected, particularly Dubai (Nabibi 2009). Moreover, collectible to real estate speculations effect o f increasing defaults on mortgages, many commercial banks in the Middle East region were hurt. Despite having a check exposure to the global financial markets, banks in GCC countries maintained large investments and loaned very large sums to private entities for the settle of investment (Center for Strategic Research 2009). As stock prices plummeted, several banks experienced massive default loans and loss of asset values (Khamis 2010). Although the banking arena experienced shock waves, the Islamic banks on the other hand were insulated (Iqbal 2008). Because they are protected from toxic financial assets and prohibit speculation, the first impact of the global financial crisis shielded them. In addition, sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) also suffered healthy losses as a result of the global financial crisis. The heavier losses were recorded by those which have significant investments in the US stock market, financial institutions, insurance companies, and banks. Estimates put loss es at over 200b USD for the year 2008 alone (United Nations 2009b).Aside from the financial heavens, the effects of the global financial crisis have also wedge the real economy (Woertz 2008). In real estate, projects which are ongoing or are in the planning stage are likely to be hang up because of financial squeeze. Financing for large construction projects will not be so feasible. This is why one of the largest-hit of the global financial crisis is Dubai where the real estate sector is heavily dependent on speculation and debt financing (Rajan and Narayana 2010). Revenue generation among countries has also generally decreased. Figures from the ILO in 2009 reveal that real gross domestic product growth has shrunk from 6 percent in 2007 to 4 percent in 2009. There is great indication that the crisis will have a more sustainable effect on the region within the years to come. Moreover, due to high inflation, increasing national debt, and prolonged volatility of markets will render more GCC countries vulnerable to the economic slowdown (Center for Strategic Research 2009).Analysts have been keen to point out that the significant drop of oil prices and demand for oil will be the biggest obstacle for the GCC economies. From a barrel price of 140USD in July 2008, oil prices have dropped to merely 40USD per barrel in January 2009. This significant drop increases the threat of negative fiscal balances for Oman, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia due to losses in oil revenue. Hence, the projected growth among GCC countries whitethorn be set back a few years more because of downward crook of oil prices (Behrendt, Haq, and Kamel 2009). The slowdown of the European economy may also force GCC countries to reduce production, which will eventually lead to further decline of real GDP in oil-exporting countries (Bloomberg 2010). Saudi Arabia was also severely hit, with its GDP down from 4.2 percent in 2008 to 0.7 percent in 2009 (United Nations 2010a, p. 74).Moreover, without sound governance, the current practice of oil-exporting countries of maintaining high fiscal spending despite declining oil revenues will further hamper growth (Nabibi 2009).Analysis and predictions over the impact of the global financial crisis on the GCC economies are mixed. While they unanimously state that the global crisis has had an adverse effect on GCC countries, some have stated that the impact is negligible (Khamis 2010) and is not adverse enough to adventure the stability of the region. Behrendt, Haq, and Kamel (2009) opined that the GCC economies are in a relatively well position and can ably cope with the challenges of the global economic turmoil because of many reasons. Firstly, the GCC region has abundant liquidity from incomes out of high commodity prices. Secondly, sound economic management has enabled GCC economies to weather the economic slowdown quite well. Thirdly, the economies of GCC countries are weakly integrated to the global economy as compared to other regions . Smith (2008) said that while there have been negative effects experienced by GCC economies, they are manageable compared to what has been suffered by other countries.The effects of the global financial crisis have also been diverse in degree. For instance, the Oxford Business Group (2009) opined that by and large, the banking sector in Saudi Arabia has demonstrated a high degree of resilience and was insulated from the problems which confronted commercial banks in other GCC countries. Moreover, the Saudi economy in general was found to better than other countries to avoid any negative impact (p. 61) on the following grounds. First, Saudis banks have focused on domestic demand, thereby keeping exposure to the US subprime assets at arms length. Second, Saudis mortgage industry is relatively underdeveloped, and therefore a minimal impact on its real estate sector was experienced in semblance to other GCC countries. Thirdly, the sector still maintains a large and underbanked stick base to draw from (Oxford Business Group 2009).Among the GCC economies, the UAE has been the most affected by the crisis. Between 2008 and 2009, real GDP growth fell from 7.4 to 0.5 percent. This was due to a severe contraction in domestic demand, notably in Dubai. In the UAE, the real estate sector represents 16 percent of GDP, so the slowdown in this sector had a severe impact on growth. Around 80 percent of Dubais workforce is calm of expatriates, and due to the layoffs, consumption has been significantly reduced (United Nations 2010a, p. 73).GCC economies responded to the effects of the global crisis by adopting measures and policies to mitigate its adverse consequences. Most GCC countries reproduced the policy responses of Western governments such as fiscal stimulation and stricter financial guidelines and regulations. The responses varied relatively depending on the circumstances of their economy. As the first impact of the global crisis directly hit financial institutions and the stock markets, GCC countries first policy responses was directed at supporting the banking sector by providing liquidity and credit support. Oil exporters such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the UAE fortified their banking systems by providing deposit guarantees for commercial banks (Woertz 2008).The effects of the global financial crisis on the banking sector have been buffered by several policy measures undertaken by GCC governments and their central banks. Some of the key measures taken since early September 2008 are as follows reducing the Repo rate four-fold from 5.5 to 2.5 percent, reducing capital reserve requirement for banks, and injecting 3bUSD to enhance liquidity (Saudi Arabia) reducing Repo benchmark to 1.5 percent, injecting 32b USD in the financial and banking sector to ensure liquidity (UAE) reducing discount rates by 50 percent and guaranteeing of deposits (Kuwait) (Iqbal 2008).5 Research QuestionsThe central question which this study answers isWhat is the impact of the global financial crisis on the GCC countries?The following sub-questions will also be addressed, to wit1. What effect did the global financial crisis have on the financial markets, export demand, and government revenue in GCC countries?2. How did the global financial crisis affect social indicators such as poverty and unemployment in GCC Countries?3. What policy responses were made by GCC countries to counter the effects of the financial crisis?Research Hypotheses1. The global financial crisis had a negative impact on the financial markets, export demand, assets, tourism, and remittances in the GCC countries. The impact of the crisis besides went at varying degrees across countries.2. The crisis led to an increase in unemployment and to the decrease of budget allocation for social services.6 MethodologyOverview of approachThis study follows a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and denary methods of selective information collection and data analysis in order to ac hieve its goals. Because this study wants to determine the impact of the global financial countries on the economies of the GCC countries, the use of statistics is indispensable. Hence, the use of statistical essay and the analysis of statistical data will form the bulk of the quantitative aspect of this study. The use of quantitative methods will provide generalization and predictions which are important to this study. On the other hand, there is a need to give the study a more in-depth character in order to fully understand the impact of the global financial crisis in its own context (Strauss and Corbin 2003). It is assumed that statistical research may not be able to take into full account the effects of the financial crisis. In order to have the best of both paradigms, qualitative and quantitative approaches are combined in this research in order to provide insights that neither approaches alone can provide (Patton 2005).Data CollectionQualitative and quantitative forms of data will be gathered for the purposes of this study.1. Key author interviewsKey informant interviews are qualitative in-depth interviews with individuals who are knowledgeable about the topic of interest. The purpose of conducting key informant interviews is to gain access to information which people who have first-hand knowledge only possess. In the context of the research objectives already outlined, key informant interviews can provide information about how the global financial crisis has affected GCC countries from a limited number of economic analysis or experts who have been able to observe and track the consequences of the global financial crisis in their respective countries.In particular, five (5) key informant interviews will be conducted. Participants will be individuals who are highly qualified to provide information about the effects of the global economic crisis professors, economic analysts, or business experts. Face-to-face interviews or Internet equilibrium will be c onducted. Interviews will be transcribed and interpreted accordingly.2. Statistical reports and other documentary evidenceAs stated earlier, the use of statistical data is indispensable to this study. To track the effects of the global financial crisis on key areas of the six GCC economies, official reports and statistics from authoritative sources will be used such as the World Bank, International Labor Organization, the OECD, and International Monetary Fund.Moreover, second-string sources such as newspaper articles, in-house reports, and other pertinent documents will be used to moderate or illuminate findings.Data AnalysisData from the key informant interviews will be analyzed for recurring themes, patterns, and ideas. Statistical data from reports and documentary evidence will be analyzed using descriptive statistics.InterpretationBecause qualitative data tends to be subjective, findings from the key informant interviews will be cross-checked and verified with secondary source s. In order to reduce the probability of bias, results from the interviews will be substantiated with findings from statistical analysis performed on the reports and documentary evidence.7 Expected ResultsOut of the mixed-methods approach that this study will undertake in determining the impact of the global financial crisis, the following results are expected1. A detailed presentation of the key economic and social indicators in significant areas of six GCC countries highlighting improvement or decline2. An in-depth presentation of interview findings from well-known and expert informants that will substantiate or illuminate on the findings from statistical sources.3. Key policy responses made by governments are identified and recommendations for improvement are also outlined.

Design Of The Rear Spoiler For Road Vehicles Engineering Essay

Design Of The stub Spoiler For Road Vehicles Engineering EssaygeneralisationWhen objects move through denudate, forces argon generated by the relative motion amidst the air and surfaces of the object. Aerodynamics is the study of these forces, generated by the motion of air, usually aerodynamics argon categorized according to the type of carry as subsonic, hypersonic, supersonicThe vexer is also a give out of the aerodynamics. The function of the spoiler is to spoil the unfavourable period of time of air flo go through the car and generate a proportional downforce. This work describes the design and the operation of the crapper spoiler.Content1. Introduction62. Literature Review72.1 Principle72.2 Working of Rear wing82.3Criteria for efficiency of the spoiler..93. Material..123.1 Material Types123.2 ABS Material124. Design calculation..135. Applications156. Conclusion..16FiguresFig. 2.1.8Fig. 2.2.9Fig. 2.3..10TablesTable 1..13Table 1..14Chapter 1IntroductionA spoiler is an a erodynamic device which is uptaked to spoil the unfavourable air (unwanted movement of air like turbulence) of a car which is in motion. Basically this device fitted to the scarer and rear of the vehicle. The front spoiler also called as front wing or air dam, and the rear spoiler is also called as rear wing.From historical point of view, post-world-war 11 automobile racing was initially dominate by developments related to engine technology, and later to tire advancements.During the 1960s, race car aerodynamics evolved as an important and relatively inexpensive technology that could place little well-funded teams.Over time, the cars aerodynamics on vehicles has become more refined as cars are now tested in expensive wind tunnels as part of continued development process.The biggest jump in drive occurred in the 1972 with the first efficient use of front and rear wings. It has even nearly become star of the only aspects of functioning gain callable to the very marginal gains that can currently be do by engine changes or other auto-mechanic component development.Chapter 2Literature review2.1 PrincipleThe main principle of the spoiler is to reduce the rear end leaven that means to increase the downforce and to spoil unfavourable air movement across a body. elicit is one of the main aerodynamic forces imposed on a vehicle, exactly unlike drag, lift can be manipulated to enhance the performance of a car. Lift is the force that acts on a vehicle normal to the road surface that the vehicle rides on.Lift usually has the consummation of pulling or lifting the vehicle away from the surface it drives on.However, by manipulating the car geometry it is possible to create negative lift, or down-force.Down-force enhances vehicle performance by increasing the normal load on the tires. This increases the potential cornering force which results in the ability of the vehicle to corner faster.This down force can be compared to a virtual increase in weight, there by pr essing the car down onto the road and increasing the available frictional force between the car tyres and the road, which in effect enables eminenter cornering speeds.Drag is the aerodynamics force that resists the vehicles motion through a fluid and points backwards. Drag is detrimental to vehicle performance as it can limit the top speed of a vehicle and increase the fuel consumption, both of which are negative consequences for vehicles. Its size is proportional to the speed differential between the air and the solid object.What this wings or spoilers does is it prevents the separation of flow and thereby preventing the formation of vortices or helps to fill the vacuum in the rear end more effectively thus reducing drag. So what genuinely this wings does is that, The wing whole kit and boodle by differentiating pressure level on the top and imbue surface of the wing. As mentioned previously, the higher the speed of a given volume of air, the lower the pressure of that air, and vice-versa. What a wing does is make the air passing at a lower place it trip up a bigger distance than the air passing over it (in race car applications). Because air molecules approaching the leading edge of the wing are forced to separate, some going over the top of the wing, and some going under the bottom, they are forced to travel differing distances in order to Meet up again at the trailing edge of the wing. This is part of Bernoullis theory. What happens is that the lower pressure area under the wing allows the higher pressure area above the wing to push down on the wing, and hence the car its mounted to.The way a real, shaped wing works is essentially the same as an aeroplane wing, but its inverted. An airplane wing produces lift, a car wing produces negative lift or in other words what we call us, downforce. That lift is generated by a difference in pressure on both sides of the wing. Well, if you look closely at the drawings, youll see that the upper side of the wing is relatively straight, but the bottom side is curved. This means that the air that goes above the wing travels a relatively straight path, which is short. The air under the wing has to follow the curve, and hence travel a greater distance. Now theres Bernoullis law, which basically states that the total amount of energy in a volume of fluid has to remain constant. (Unless you heat it or exhibit an enclosed volume of it to some form of mechanical work) If you assume the air doesnt move up and down too much, it boils down to this if air (or whatsoever fluid, for that matter) speeds up, its pressure drops. From an energetic point of view, this makes senseif more energy is needed to maintain the speed of the particles, theres less energy left do do work by applying pressure to the surfaces.In short on the underside, air has to travel further in the same amount of time, which means it has to speed up, which means its pressure drops. more than pressure on top of the wing and less on t he underside results in a net downward force called downforce.2.2 How the rear wing worksThe rear wing assists the front wing and rear diffuser in the overall downforce setup of the car. The burden of the wing is adjusted according to each specific Grand Prix circuit, depending on the amount of downforce required, the weather and the amount of mechanical grip available.The end plates located at the sides of the wing are designed to smooth the impact of two different airflows the high pressure air above the car tries to switch places with the low pressure air below the car and it is this that causes the spinning flow of air behind the car. When these two forces meet they form a vortex, a spinning flow of air which is very turbulent.2.3 The efficiency of the wings is based on following criteriaAspect RatioThe amount of downforce produced by a wing is determined by its size. The length to width ratio is called the aspect ratio the epicr the wing the greater the downforce. As the h igher the Aspect ratio more efficient the wing will be. The higher the aspect ratio, the less air unsusceptibility created by the vortex at the wing tips. The aspect ratio is the span of the air foil (the long dimension perpendicular to the air flow) divided by its dimension parallel to the airflow.The angle of firingFig 2.1The efficiency of the wing is the downforce to drag ratio. The amount of downforce generated depends upon the angle or tilt of the wing. The greater the angle of attack the more the downforce will be created.While increasing downforce a wing also increases unwanted drag. Drag increases with the angle of attack as already stated. The downforce generated by the wing acts in vertical downward direction, while drag acts in the opposite direction to the air flow.Fig 2.2From the above two graphs of coefficient of drag VS angle of attack the coefficient of drag can be assumed, if the angle of attack is 80 then the coefficient of drag will be 0.07.The tip of the wingT he third affaire is the height of the spoiler. The height also affects the performance of the spoiler. The gap between the trunk lid and the wing can make air to pass easily. The fig shows the effect of the height of the wing on the car. So the height is taken as 130 mm.Fig 2.3Chapter 3Material3.1 Material typesSpoilers are usually made ofABS plastic Most original equipment manufacturers create spoilers produced by casting ABS plastic with various admixtures, which bring in plasticity to this inexpensive but fragile material. frailty is a main disadvantage of plastic, which increases with product age and is cause by the evaporation of volatile phenols.Fibreglass Used in car split production due to the low cost of the manufacturing process. Fibreglass spoilers consist of fibreglass filler fastened with synthetic tar. Fibreglass is sufficiently durable and workable, but has become unprofitable for large scale production.Silicon more recently, many auto accessory manufacturers ar e exploitation silicon-organic polymers. The main benefit of this material is its phenomenal plasticity. Silicon possesses extra high thermal characteristics and provides a longer product lifetime.Carbon fibreglass based on carbon fibre is the youngest material on the automotive aftermarket. Carbon is silly weight, durable, but also a very expensive material. Unlike ordinary fibreglass, solidification of the connecting tar takes place in a pressure chamber using high temperatures. Due to the very large amount of waste during the manufacturing process, large scale producers cannot widely use carbon fiber in automobile parts production currently.3.2 ABS MaterialABSResistanceExcellent resistance (no attack) to Glycerine, Inorganic Salts, Alkalis, Many Acids, Most Alcohols and HydrocarbonsLimited resistance (moderate attack and suitable for short term use only) to Weak AcidsPoor resistance (not recommended for use with) Strong Acids and Solvents, Ketones, Aldehydes, Esters, and some Chlorinated HydrocarbonsABSQuick FactsMaximum Temperature 80CMinimum Temperature -40CAutoclavableNoMelting situation 221F 105CTensile Strength 4,300 psiHardness R110UV ResistancePoorTranslucentRigidSpecific Gravity 1.04ABS finesseIt can be thermo-formed, pressure formed, blow moulded, sheared, sawed, drilled, or even cold stampedJoints can be ultrasonic welded, thermo-welded, and chemically bondedImpact resistantCommonly used for telephone bodies, safety helmets, piping, furniture, car components, TV casings, radios, control panels, and similarChapter 4Design CalculationsThe design of the rear wing or spoiler of the car is altogether dependent on the coefficient of the drag. Higher the coefficient of drag, greater the performance of that spoiler. The coefficient of drag is directly proportional to the angle of the spoiler where the air attacks. As the angle increases the drag coefficient increases.To design the spoiler the width of the car should be necessary to consider the wing span that means the total length of the spoiler. The following table shows the most greens width of the carsTable 1Honda CityToyota CorollaKia ForteMitsubishi LancerWidth1715171017751770By considering the common width in the range of 1700 1780 mm, the length of the spoiler 1700mm can be acceptable to create the max drag force.The formula for downforce of a wing is given byWhereDis downforce inNewtonWSiswingspanin metresHis height in metresAoAisangle of attackFis drag coefficientisair densityin kg/mVisvelocityin m/sThe data for the calculation of the spoiler is as followsTable 2WS/ Length1700mm1.7 mHeight100mm0.1 mAngle of attack150 (15 x /180)0.26 radiansCoefficient of drag (according to AOA)0.0150.015Density of air ()1.21.2Max. Velocity (V)200 km/hr (200/3.6)55.55 m/sThe angle of attack is taken as 150, because the car should take for some downforce but in some limit. So if the angle of attack increased the drag will increase which can affect the performance of the vehicle like less fuel economy. Therefore the angle 150 is the perfect angle for the road vehicle spoiler.Also to design spoiler the second matter is the speed of the vehicle. To achieve the best performance max speed required that is 200km/hr for a normal road vehicle.The third thing is the height of the spoiler. The height also affects the performance of the spoiler. The gap between the trunk lid and the wing can make air to pass easily. So the height is taken as 100 mm.Therefore by substituting the above values in the formula,D = x (1.7 x 0.13 x 0.26) x 0.015 x 1.2 x (55.55)2D = 1.595 NTherefore the downforce created by the spoiler is 1.2275 N. This could be acceptable for a normal road vehicle.Chapter 5ApplicationsCars book spoilers to increase their grip on the road. unremarkably the weight of a car is the only thing that forces the tires down onto the pavement. Without spoilers, the only way to increase the grip would be to increase the weight, or to change the enhance the tire was ma de out of. The only problem with increasing the weight is that it doesnt help in turns, where you really want to grip. All that extra weight has inertia, which you have to overcome to turn, so increasing the weight doesnt help at all. The way the spoiler works is like an airplane wing, but upside down. The spoiler actually generates whats called down force on the body of the car.Chapter 6ConclusionThe design of spoiler described in this project can be used for any road vehicle having width at least 1700mm. The main aim to design this type of spoiler is to improve the overall performance of the car with jimmy to dragforce. The designed spoiler could be give the best result if it will be in use.

Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases

fresh checkup diagnosis for third estate Diseases1. Introduction1.1. Present ScenarioInternet is the latest and the most powerful innovation of man mannikin. In stick era of network we usanced computer technology to ferment our m in all problems. Today in all(prenominal) field we use up computer technology from education, business, affectionate networking to order a dinner or wellness check-up.Nobody contends from when human atomic number 18 start victimization practice of euphony for cure themselves from illness. Many years ag iodin when uncivilized human argon lives in cave, deep forest they used various tree, plants leaves as medication. They fleet their knowledge to the next generation. at that place is no MBBS cooks be avail fit at that sequence.The any judgment of conviction anywhere availability of Internet has made a great impact peculiarly in-terms of reaching customers and making themselves aw atomic number 18 of ones products base and inspection and repairs. (Roche, 2010) dismission back 15 or more(prenominal) years, when hardly anyone had admission to the internet you would view had to go aside to interpret a doctor for solving your health problems. But now, that the internet is avail open to umteen another(prenominal) people, so people rear end understand a practical(prenominal) doctor clinic.In todays modern society we ease up MBBS doctors, thousands of medicine for thousands of diseases. If we feel sick, we go to the doctors clinic and doctor diagnosis us, then prescribed several(prenominal) medicine and later taking medicine provide fine inwardly few days. But if you went out from your city or you go manyplace, where you forbid sick and you dont remove any doctor nearby. What you do then? In Africa thither is alone 1 doctor among 5000 people. Presently, Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. on that point ar many places where people ar dying because of some putting surface diseases. Jus t some common medicine put up help them.Now if I petitioned you What if you could visit a doctor, any epoch of day or night, without leaving your home and that doctor could review your history, diagnose your problem and in any case give you prescription? Now you are thinking how is it accomplishable? Ok you ingest skilful an internet contact and computer and refreshful medical exam diagnosis for ballpark Diseases online packet product pass on do it for you.1.2. Topic of the barfThe support is titled Smart Medical diagnosing for prevalent Diseases. It go forth be a generic software package for a medical checkup clinic. The agreement volition be able to act as a net- ground solution for medical note hold back. It go forth prove to be asset for both the doctor as easy as their long-suffering of.1.3. Targeted AudienceTarget hearing or user is one of the briny concerns on how and why a frame of rules is been break-danceed, who is leaving to use this trans cription. The target users of Smart Medical diagnosing for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine abide been categorized into three types.1.4. Problem ContextInternet yearning people want to use internet to solve their medical problems. But on that point is no great local site that dissolve provide this kind of facility.This kind of tissuesite is perfect for them who dont have time to visit a doctors clinic for minorWhere doctor is unable, we used this kind of technology to help people. Presently,There are only 54 doctors per 100,000 peoples in Africa. Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. In this country this kind of system leave behind help people if it jakes be implemented. .1.5. Rationale idler the transcriptionThe following has highlighted some of the most common benefits of the Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search EngineBecause of the existence of the identified problems, there is a need for such(prenominal) assure. This eject ion consists of some on-line web application which provides guides to the persevering. The system will be employ advanced algorithm to protrude a practical(prenominal) medical agent. The benefits gained from this project areUser can contact with doctor well from their home or office.Doctor can easily manage their patient. patient can gain medical knowledge from using this system.Smart Symptom checker can help patient anytime.1.5.1. Proposed Solution Patient who have some knowledge of using internet doesnt need to visit to doctor for common diseases life fiver, Pain, stomatitis etc. It in addition helps community and skilled health workers, supported by automated assessment and intercession protocols, can rapidly expand the deli rattling of health explosive charge in developing countries The spread of wandering(a) phones and web work curbs new simulates of healthcare pitching doable at alwaysyones hand. Proven technology will allow developing countries to leapfrog the knowledge bed cover between doctors and patients User can learn near healthcare tasks from this system. Doctor doesnt need to remember all the name of medicine and their use. Doctor can pose details of a medicine just a click of a search button. Ground-breaking but proven technology allows rapid culture, review, and updating of mixed automated guidelines by medical professionals without it intervention.1.6. Benefits of the System orbit and implementation of such a system will bring in a lot of benefits for the business, its employees and its customers (both current and potential). These benefits can be classified into Tangible and Intangible which are discussed in details below- The system help doctor to make faster diagnosis. Using medicine search engine doctor can get any medicine training with in a second. Various medical tools the a equal BMI calculator, symptom checker etc. will help doctor as well as patient to solve their problems easily. System administrator can easily manage the system using content management system. The system will use roles and permission levels, to maintain confidentiality of private data of administrator, doctor and patient. Patient can use inspect services to chit- consult with doctor. The presence of certain(p) services offered by the system on the energetic web will also ensure that the system can be accessed from anywhere anytime.1.7. Challenges InvolvedDeveloping a system such as this will involve a host of challenges for the developer. The major challenges can be classified under-1.7.1. Domain Challenges Data pull together and Domain Analysis Due to the developers unfamiliarity with the work-flow and the carry outes followed in the online Symptom Checker it will become a contest task to develop awareness closely the medical service domain. follow throughation of Customizability The biggest challenge of developing a system homogeneous this is its implementation itself. There is high percentage of jeopa rdy convoluted in development and implementation of a system like this. The main challenge is to understand the base concepts involved in aim and developing Smart Medical Diagnosis. The developer will also need to follow a modular and object oriented improvement in developing this system for enhancing reusability, abstraction, encapsulation and polymorphism. Content Management System (CMS) Understanding and Implementing a CMS integrated with a system like this will contend the developer to design the colonial architecture of the system in prior so that his/her concepts are clear regarding the reassure flow of the system and no module infringes each some other. This will also rent him/her to study existing CMS such as Joomla and Drupal and understand their architecture and working. Database excogitateing and Normalization Designing a database for a generic customizable system like this is challenge in itself. The fields and data types of the remand along with the tables its elf are non fixed or pre-defined. The developer take to code keeping in thinker user customization may need to create these database objects dynamically and hence needs to keep a scope for their creation and modification. Apart from this, there needs to be a big centralized database, which is capable of storing biggish amount of data and more or less a large number of entities. The relation between these large numbers pool of entities will be needed to be embark out and a complex normalization has to be implemented in designing a database like this. Implementation of 3-Tier Architecture In order to arouse scalability, performance, reliability and robustness of this system, the developer will need to implement 3-Tier architecture for developing this system which is a challenging task keeping in mind the size of it and complexity of the systems database. Algorithm for Customizing the site and Symptom Checker The developer will require to showcase strong arrest for logics an d algorithms in order to develop the module where the administrative users can add or edit new pages, new symptom option where he/she will be able to add its name verbal description along with the algorithm that will be followed for generating a definite result.1.7.2. good ChallengesPHP The system will require the developer to use advanced PHP functionalities like Personalization, Forum, Blog and Emailing which will be used in various modules of this system. Develop a PHP base application is harder as oppose to develop same application in ASP.NET using visual studio. Visual studio generates code for you debug for you and its also save time. But PHP is challenge as compare to asp.net. Cause PHP doesnt have any IDE and truly code you need to write it down in a text editor. Finding an error is also a head ace. But for learning purpose PHP is great. Thats the reason I chose PHP as main web development language. sack up Based system reservation an interactive web based system is diff icult. Implement a dynamic web site is harder than making a desktop application. We need to start care of network, client server, band width to make project successful.AJAX and JavaScript / jQuery For designing an intuitive and dynamic interface so that users have a rich run into availing brags like data entry assistance, error prevention, etc. The developer needs to have in depth knowledge of AJAX as well as JavaScript or jQuery. Implementation of AJAX is not easy task for a developer who is new to web development. I just know little PHP and HTML. It will be a challenge for me to implement Ajax in this project. AJAX makes web application fell like a desktop application.CSS Most people who are new in web development cant able to understand how to lay out a page. They just try to drug and drop div, table using Dreamweaver or any HTML design tools with underrating the advanced concept of CSS. And ended up with ripe Database Concepts with MYSQL For designing such a complex database that the system requires the developer needs to have a concrete concord of database concepts like Normalization, Query Optimization, Views, and Permissions. He/she should also require familiarity with MYSQL.MOBILE OPTIMIZATING For optimizing the web application for mobile phones and handheld thingumajigs the developer needs to have extensive skills in WML, mobile web as well as an apprehensiveness of how to integrate WML with server side scripting technologies1.8. Goals behind developing the System1.8.1. go for goalWhen people are sick, they must make critical decisions about when and where they should possess healthcare. Unfortunately, most people lack the medical knowledge needed to make these decisions safely.Online smart diagnosis is cater by a computer schedule that performs symptom triage. The goal of symptom triage is to find out when, and where, you should try out care when you have symptoms. Symptom triage does not replace a physician evaluation or make a diagnosi s.1.8.2. academic Goal To recall and analyse and implement the understanding and concepts learnt in the complete course plan through various modules as well as on individual level and implement all of it in order to come out with a complete computing project of industry measuring rod To document and publish the deliverables professionally following the standards followed in industry.1.9. Objectives of the System1.9.1. Project Objectives To come up with a complete automation solution for online symptom diagnosis. To keep the design, architecture, implementation flexible so as to allow customization by the system administrator. Optimize information manifestation and service interface according to the capability of the device requesting it. To use communication channels apart from HTTP like Email, SMS and WAP for supplying quality information and services to customers and familiarity employees. To ensure that the web is bug free and that it runs equally and efficiently on all brow sers and platforms1.9.2. Academic Objectives The prime objective is to learn nitty-gritties of project management and project development lifecycle, implementing it in developing the system and gaining experience in it. Learn Content Management System (CMS) To learn and apply the various Web culture Methodology and Human Computer Interaction Design Principles to the system design. Web accessibility To learn and master the advance features of PHP, MYSQL and associated technologies. To learn the internal work-flow and procedures that is followed medical diagnosis.1.10. achiever CriteriaTo determine whether the project is a success or a failure parameters such as the quality of application developed as well as the quality of project documentation will be analysed. The quality of application will include the degree to which requirement was fulfilled, the degree of user-friendliness of the system as well as the ability to run swiftly, consistently and error-freely on multiple browsers. 1.11 Scope and Functionalities of the SystemScope limits the project. It defines where in the project the developer should call it stop. It determines to what extent the system will support functionalities and beyond what the system facilitates no feature or functionalities.1.11.1. Functionalities to be implementedThe functionalities to be incorporated into the system which in turn will decide the scope of the system have been classified into 3 categories on the basis of their complexity and exclusiveness. They are-1.11.1.1. Core Functionalities. Symptom checker is an automatic smart software agent that can ask question to patient about their problem and it analysis the problems and diagnosis the debases of the patient Chat Services Patients can text chat with doctor. Forum User can create, post rub out thread in forum Messaging User can send message to each other CMS(Content management System) Admin can create update and scratch pages. Medicine search engine Doctor can use m edicine search engine to know about works of a particular medicine Registration of Doctor And Patient . Patient Can upload his/her medical history. Secure and configurable user access through individual user logins and passwords. Users can diverge their password.1.11.1.2. Enhanced Functionalities Design the virtual doctor using artificial intelligent Video chat service Create user blog Full nimble based services Full customizing user profiling.1.11.1.3. Special Functionalities Various tool boxes for doctor BMI Calculator, BRM calculator, Body plump out calculator. Voice chat and VoIP1.11.2. Scope of the ProjectThis projects main aim is to give perfect medical information to the user through internet. It will save time and money of both doctor and patient. The patient who dont have the time to visit the clinic of the doctor for some common issue they can use this system. This kind of system already in market like virtual doctor, WEB MD, Online health, but none of them works on mo bile platform. As Smart Medical Diagnosis also works on mobile platform, anyone with wap enable mobile with GPRS, EGDE or 3G can access his web services and get information about medicine and diseases.1.11.2.1 Scope Limitation Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases is an online application. Without internet this system doesnt work WAP Based mobile not able to display the webpage chat requisite high speed internet connector Symptom checker may be diagnosis wrong if patient give wrong stimulant Serious medical problems cant be puzzle out using this system Only some common diseases can be diagnosis1.12. feasibility examineBy the means of feasibleness study one can find out if an information system project can be done, and if so, how. A feasibleness study should answers the following question Whether the project can be done What are alternative solutions? What are the criteria for choosing among them? Is there a preferred alternative? subsequently a feasibility study, a decis ion is taken on the go ahead/no go of the project. There are a many types of feasibility study that are used for analysis of knowledge System. In this project the developer has restricted the feasibility study to Technological feasibility Study and order of business Feasibility.1.12.1. Technical Feasibility StudyThe technical feasibility study compares the level of technology available in the software development firm and the level of technology required for the development of the product. Here the level of technology consists of the programming language, the hardware resources, Other software tools etc. (All About Information Technology)In this project the hardware and software required as the application will be deployed on a apache server, PHP 5.3 With ZEND Framework and mysql 5 Server will not be big ask at present scene. On the Client check the application just requires any current java script enable web browser.1.12.3. Operational Feasibility StudyOperational feasibility study tests the working(a) scope of the software to be developed. The proposed software must have high operational feasibility. The usability will be high.It is basically used to analyse whether the system will be used if it is developed and implemented. Whether there will be resistance from users that will affect the possible application benefits? Data gathering methods such as questionnaire and interviews have been incorporated in the development plan to ensure all user requirements are compile well in hand to develop the system. We also provide help manual to better understand the tystem.1.12.3. Schedule Feasibility StudySchedule Feasibility is an assessment whether the project will be able to complete on time. Since the project deadline is fixed i.e. 32 weeks. Each project phase time-line has been established with certain milestones also including some form of deliverables like PPF, PSF and Mid-Point the project-schedule is pictorial and well within reach if the established schedule is followed precisely.1.13. Major Project DeliverablesFinal class Project Documentation Page 18Draft planPPFEthical FormPSFlog sheetHard copySoft copyFinal Year Project Documentation Page 18 take over date 27th July 2010Duration 31 WeeksEnd date 20th March2 planning(total 18 days)Work Breakdown StructureSchedule and Time EstimationCritical Path MethodInterviewsGantt ChartProject Proposal FormWeeks -2.53Analysis(total 49 days)Identify project specifications Project Background Resources required Techniques to be learnt Goals and Objectives Determine System Functionalities Identify scope of queryProject spec FormInvestigation ad Research scheduling Human Computer Interaction Multimedia Design Principles User requirements DriftingAnalysis User compose Domain analysis System analysis lay on the line analysisWeeks -74System Design(Total 49 days)TasksNavigational Design Story Boarding cover DiagramAbstract Interface Design covering layout Content Design Interactivity De sign Functionality DesignMidpoint InterviewWeeks -75Implementation(Total 28 days) law generationModule IntegrationWeeks -46 exam and military rank(Total 35days)Test PlansUnit TestingIntegration TestingSystem TestingCritical EvaluationWeeks -57Project Ending(Total 35days)Submission of the entire productPresentationWeeks -52. Problem DescriptionWhen people are sick, they must make critical decisions about when and where they should receive healthcare. Unfortunately, most people lack the medical knowledge needed to make these decisions safely.Online Smart Diagnosis is powered by a computer program that performs symptom triage. The goal of symptom triage is to decide when, and where, you should seek care when you have symptoms. Symptom triage does not replace a physician evaluation or make a diagnosis.Over the past 12 years, healthcare professionals in the U.S. government and major managed care organizations have used the program extensively, proving its effectiveness. Like FreeMD.com improves medical outcomes by helping consumers determine the most appropriate time and place to receive care from a healthcare professional. (How it Works)With so many options for care today, its becoming more important for you to know where you should get care when you develop symptoms. Choices includeEmergency RoomUrgent Care CenterPhysician OfficePhysician eVisit (via the web, e-mail, or phone)Dentist OfficeNurse Retail ClinicYour prime(prenominal) on where to get care is important because not all of these locations are equipped to treat all health problems. If you make the wrong choice, you risk delaying your diagnosis and treatment. A wrong choice could also lead you to over-pay for the same care you could have received in a less expensive setting. Online Smart Diagnosis was created to safely direct you to the right location where you get the care you need, without paying more than you need to.Online Smart Diagnosis performs a medical interview, just like a real doctor. Durin g the interview, you answer questions about your symptoms and past medical history. Online Smart Diagnosis is designed to be fast (average encounter time is less than 2 minutes), so you get help fast At the end of the forge, FreeMD.com generates a report that provides the following informationWhat might be causing your symptoms?When should you see a doctor?Where should you seek care?What kind of doctor should you see?What should you do to care for yourself?There are many palaces in the world where you cant find a single doctor.There are only 54 doctors per 100,000 peoples in Africa.Presently, Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors.In many parts of the world, far too many children and adults are dying unnecessarily from easily treatable diseases.In a world where many of us take basic healthcare for granted, one in sextet children in Zambia will still not reach the age of five.Too often this problem is simply due to the lack of access to effective elementary healthcare. Whether it is the huge distances to health centres and lack of transport, the lack of doctors in many regions, or the simple shortage of resources such as medications, very often easily treatable conditions are left until it is too late.From above information we can say, there is a desperate lack of primal healthcare available to rural communities in many parts of the world due to their geographical isolation, shortage of doctors, and lack of resources. The Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases Project is an innovative new venture that aims to use mobile clinics and internet to save lives.3. Literature ReviewDevelopment of successful project starts with a solid and deep Research. Thus, Research will be an on-going process throughout the project. Researches need in every phase let it be planning, user interface designing or anything and especially when you are in process of progress toing comprehensible website. The research area will also consist of the development process model wh ich will be used for the project. Getting good hands on programming languages and mastering back-ends will also be a challenge and research work. For developing this project I am going to flow Web Engineering model. I think this is the best model to make web based project.3.1. Web Engineering and WebE Process modelAs Web-based systems play increasingly important roles in a number of applications, the demands placed on these systems and their complexity have also increased significantly. Also, there is growing need for improved quality, performance and availability of Web-based systems as we are now more dependent on Web-based systems than ever before. But, most Web-based systems are poorly developed in ad hoc manner and hence they exhibit poor performance and are susceptible for major failures. Web-based system development, in most cases, lacks rigour, systematic approach to design, develop development process and quality control and assurance procedures. Hence, there is growing co ncern about the performance, quality, integrity, maintainability and scalability of complex Web based systems. Web plan advocates a process and a systematic approach to development of high quality Web-based systems and aims to bring the potential funny farm in Web-based system development under control and enhance scalability, maintainability and quality. It is a rapidly emerging as a new discipline for successful development and deployment of large Web-based systems in a range of applications. Web Engineering is an evolving development methodology dedicated to the development of superior Internet and Web Applications. It advocates a like process and follows a systematic approach. (S. Murugesan, Y. Deshpande, S. Hansen and A. Ginig, 1999)Web engineering principles and approaches can fix the issues related to web development methodology gaining complete control over the process, minimizing risk and improving the quality and maintainability(Ginige Murugesan, 2000)Web Engineering A ctivities palmy Web-based system development and deployment is a process, not just an event as currently perceived and sound by many developers and academics. Web engineering is a holistic approach and deals with all aspects of web-based development, starting from concerting and development to implementation, performance evaluation, and continual maintenance. (Suh, 2005)(Suh, 2005)Web Engineering Development ProcessReasons behind choosing the WebE process model Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases going to be a web based project and as developer have chosen web engineering model, it would be easy and profitable to follow the process model suggested under the web engineering.The WebE process model is intentionally developed for the web applications and it addresses the specific needs of a web application which differs from the traditional software and is not addressed by the traditional software methodologies, too. Developers system is a web based system and would have a fea ture that can be looked after only by a dedicated web process model and thats why I instal WebE useful.Take time to understand the business needs and product objectives, even if WebApp details are vague. trace how users will interact with the WebApp using a scenario-based approachDevelop a brief project plan.Spend time modeling what you are going to build 3.2 Academic ResearchSmart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine is a project where research is going to be very crucial. I have contact with doctor for gathering information. Some of friends who are medical student are going to help in making the database. There are already some system are on the market. From this kind of system I can learn, how I can make this kind of system. Academic Research means extracting information from others hard gain experiences like going through books, journals, paper presentations and other published materials.My project has multidirectional requirementsMedical Since thi s project deals with Medical, patient and so I will need to go through various Medical books so that at least I should have an idea how can I make a virtual medical agent.Patient I have to understand what a patient want from a doctor. What kind of patient should able to use this kind of system? parcel Engineering TechniquesWeb engineering , Mobile WEB technologiesNetwork and Internet Databases there will be a huge use and requirements for databases, since everything will be stored at backend. So I will need a secure, big databaseReports generationSmart Medical Diagnosis for Common DiseasesSmart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases1. Introduction1.1. Present ScenarioInternet is the latest and the most powerful innovation of mankind. In present era of internet we used computer technology to solve our many problems. Today in every field we use computer technology from education, business, social networking to order a dinner or health check-up.Nobody knows from when human are start u sing medicine for cure themselves from illness. Many years ago when uncivilized human are lives in cave, deep forest they used various tree, plants leaves as medicine. They give their knowledge to the next generation. There is no MBBS doctors are available at that time.The anytime anywhere availability of Internet has made a great impact specially in-terms of reaching customers and making themselves aware of ones products base and services. (Roche, 2010) Going back 15 or more years, when hardly anyone had access to the internet you would have had to go out to find a doctor for solving your health problems. But now, that the internet is available to many people, so people can visit a virtual doctor clinic.In todays modern society we have MBBS doctors, thousands of medicine for thousands of diseases. If we feel sick, we go to the doctors clinic and doctor diagnosis us, then prescribed some medicine and after taking medicine will fine within few days. But if you went out from your city or you go someplace, where you get sick and you dont have any doctor nearby. What you do then? In Africa there is only 1 doctor among 5000 people. Presently, Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. There are many places where people are dying because of some common diseases. Just some common medicine can help them.Now if I asked you What if you could visit a doctor, any time of day or night, without leaving your home and that doctor could review your history, diagnose your problem and also give you prescription? Now you are thinking how is it possible? Ok you need just an internet connection and computer and Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases onlinesoftware will do it for you.1.2. Topic of the ProjectThe Project is titled Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases. It will be a generic software package for a medical clinic. The system will be able to act as a web-based solution for medical symptom checker. It will prove to be asset for both the doctor as well as their patient.1.3. Targeted AudienceTarget audience or user is one of the main concerns on how and why a system is been developed, who is going to use this system. The target users of Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine have been categorized into three types.1.4. Problem ContextInternet enthusiastic people want to use internet to solve their medical problems. But there is no good local site that can provide this kind of facility.This kind of website is perfect for them who dont have time to visit a doctors clinic for minorWhere doctor is unable, we used this kind of technology to help people. Presently,There are only 54 doctors per 100,000 peoples in Africa. Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. In this country this kind of system will help people if it can be implemented. .1.5. Rationale behind the SystemThe following has highlighted some of the most common benefits of the Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search EngineBe cause of the existence of the identified problems, there is a need for such project. This project consists of some on-line web application which provides guides to the patient. The system will be using advanced algorithm to design a virtual medical agent. The benefits gained from this project areUser can contact with doctor easily from their home or office.Doctor can easily manage their patient.Patient can gain medical knowledge from using this system.Smart Symptom checker can help patient anytime.1.5.1. Proposed Solution Patient who have some knowledge of using internet doesnt need to visit to doctor for common diseases life fiver, Pain, stomatitis etc. It also helps community and skilled health workers, supported by automated assessment and treatment protocols, can rapidly expand the delivery of health care in developing countries The spread of mobile phones and web services makes new models of healthcare delivery possible at everyones hand. Proven technology will allow developing countries to leapfrog the knowledge gap between doctors and patients User can learn about healthcare tasks from this system. Doctor doesnt need to remember all the name of medicine and their purpose. Doctor can find details of a medicine just a click of a search button. Ground-breaking but proven technology allows rapid development, review, and updating of complex automated guidelines by medical professionals without it intervention.1.6. Benefits of the SystemDevelopment and Implementation of such a system will bring in a lot of benefits for the business, its employees and its customers (both current and potential). These benefits can be classified into Tangible and Intangible which are discussed in details below- The system help doctor to make faster diagnosis. Using medicine search engine doctor can get any medicine information with in a second. Various medical tools like BMI calculator, symptom checker etc. will help doctor as well as patient to solve their problems easily. Syst em administrator can easily manage the system using content management system. The system will use roles and permission levels, to maintain confidentiality of private data of administrator, doctor and patient. Patient can use chat services to chat with doctor. The presence of certain services offered by the system on the mobile web will also ensure that the system can be accessed from anywhere anytime.1.7. Challenges InvolvedDeveloping a system such as this will involve a host of challenges for the developer. The major challenges can be classified under-1.7.1. Domain Challenges Data Gathering and Domain Analysis Due to the developers unfamiliarity with the work-flow and the processes followed in the online Symptom Checker it will become a challenging task to develop awareness about the medical service domain. Implementation of Customizability The biggest challenge of developing a system like this is its implementation itself. There is high percentage of risk involved in development and implementation of a system like this. The main challenge is to understand the base concepts involved in designing and developing Smart Medical Diagnosis. The developer will also need to follow a modular and object oriented approach in developing this system for enhancing reusability, abstraction, encapsulation and polymorphism. Content Management System (CMS) Understanding and Implementing a CMS integrated with a system like this will require the developer to design the complex architecture of the system in prior so that his/her concepts are clear regarding the control flow of the system and no module infringes each other. This will also require him/her to study existing CMS such as Joomla and Drupal and understand their architecture and working. Database Designing and Normalization Designing a database for a generic customizable system like this is challenge in itself. The fields and data types of the table along with the tables itself are not fixed or pre-defined. The develope r needs to code keeping in mind user customization may need to create these database objects dynamically and hence needs to keep a scope for their creation and modification. Apart from this, there needs to be a big centralized database, which is capable of storing large amount of data and about a large number of entities. The relation between these large numbers of entities will be needed to be figure out and a complex normalization has to be implemented in designing a database like this. Implementation of 3-Tier Architecture In order to enhance scalability, performance, reliability and robustness of this system, the developer will need to implement 3-Tier architecture for developing this system which is a challenging task keeping in mind the size and complexity of the systems database. Algorithm for Customizing the site and Symptom Checker The developer will require to showcase solid understanding for logics and algorithms in order to develop the module where the administrative use rs can add or edit new pages, new symptom option where he/she will be able to add its name description along with the algorithm that will be followed for generating a definite result.1.7.2. Technical ChallengesPHP The system will require the developer to use advanced PHP functionalities like Personalization, Forum, Blog and Emailing which will be used in various modules of this system. Develop a PHP base application is harder as compare to develop same application in ASP.NET using visual studio. Visual studio generates code for you debug for you and its also save time. But PHP is challenge as compare to asp.net. Cause PHP doesnt have any IDE and very code you need to write it down in a text editor. Finding an error is also a head ace. But for learning purpose PHP is great. Thats the reason I chose PHP as main web development language.Web Based system Making an interactive web based system is difficult. Implement a dynamic web site is harder than making a desktop application. We need to take care of network, client server, band width to make project successful.AJAX and JavaScript / jQuery For designing an intuitive and dynamic interface so that users have a rich experience availing features like data entry assistance, error prevention, etc. The developer needs to have in depth knowledge of AJAX as well as JavaScript or jQuery. Implementation of AJAX is not easy task for a developer who is new to web development. I just know little PHP and HTML. It will be a challenge for me to implement Ajax in this project. AJAX makes web application fell like a desktop application.CSS Most people who are new in web development cant able to understand how to lay out a page. They just try to drug and drop div, table using Dreamweaver or any HTML design tools with underrating the advanced concept of CSS. And ended up withAdvanced Database Concepts with MYSQL For designing such a complex database that the system requires the developer needs to have a concrete understanding of dat abase concepts like Normalization, Query Optimization, Views, and Permissions. He/she should also require familiarity with MYSQL.MOBILE OPTIMIZATING For optimizing the web application for mobile phones and handheld devices the developer needs to have extensive skills in WML, mobile web as well as an understanding of how to integrate WML with server side scripting technologies1.8. Goals behind developing the System1.8.1. Project goalWhen people are sick, they must make critical decisions about when and where they should receive healthcare. Unfortunately, most people lack the medical knowledge needed to make these decisions safely.Online smart diagnosis is powered by a computer program that performs symptom triage. The goal of symptom triage is to decide when, and where, you should seek care when you have symptoms. Symptom triage does not replace a physician evaluation or make a diagnosis.1.8.2. Academic Goal To recall and analyse and implement the understanding and concepts learnt i n the complete course curriculum through various modules as well as on individual level and implement all of it in order to come out with a complete computing project of industry standard To document and publish the deliverables professionally following the standards followed in industry.1.9. Objectives of the System1.9.1. Project Objectives To come up with a complete automation solution for online symptom diagnosis. To keep the design, architecture, implementation flexible so as to allow customization by the system administrator. Optimize information presentation and service interface according to the capability of the device requesting it. To use communication channels apart from HTTP like Email, SMS and WAP for supplying quality information and services to customers and company employees. To ensure that the web is bug free and that it runs equally and efficiently on all browsers and platforms1.9.2. Academic Objectives The prime objective is to learn nitty-gritties of project mana gement and project development lifecycle, implementing it in developing the system and gaining experience in it. Learn Content Management System (CMS) To learn and apply the various Web Development Methodology and Human Computer Interaction Design Principles to the system design. Web accessibility To learn and master the advance features of PHP, MYSQL and associated technologies. To learn the internal work-flow and procedures that is followed medical diagnosis.1.10. Success CriteriaTo determine whether the project is a success or a failure parameters such as the quality of application developed as well as the quality of project documentation will be analysed. The quality of application will include the degree to which requirement was fulfilled, the degree of user-friendliness of the system as well as the ability to run swiftly, consistently and error-freely on multiple browsers.1.11 Scope and Functionalities of the SystemScope limits the project. It defines where in the project the developer should call it stop. It determines to what extent the system will support functionalities and beyond what the system facilitates no feature or functionalities.1.11.1. Functionalities to be implementedThe functionalities to be incorporated into the system which in turn will decide the scope of the system have been classified into 3 categories on the basis of their complexity and exclusiveness. They are-1.11.1.1. Core Functionalities. Symptom checker is an automatic smart software agent that can ask question to patient about their problem and it analysis the problems and diagnosis the debases of the patient Chat Services Patients can text chat with doctor. Forum User can create, post delete thread in forum Messaging User can send message to each other CMS(Content management System) Admin can create update and delete pages. Medicine search engine Doctor can use medicine search engine to know about works of a particular medicine Registration of Doctor And Patient . Patien t Can upload his/her medical history. Secure and configurable user access through individual user logins and passwords. Users can change their password.1.11.1.2. Enhanced Functionalities Design the virtual doctor using artificial intelligent Video chat service Create user blog Full Mobile based services Full customizing user profiling.1.11.1.3. Special Functionalities Various tool boxes for doctor BMI Calculator, BRM calculator, Body fat calculator. Voice chat and VoIP1.11.2. Scope of the ProjectThis projects main aim is to give perfect medical information to the user through internet. It will save time and money of both doctor and patient. The patient who dont have the time to visit the clinic of the doctor for some common issue they can use this system. This kind of system already in market like virtual doctor, WEB MD, Online health, but none of them works on mobile platform. As Smart Medical Diagnosis also works on mobile platform, anyone with wap enable mobile with GPRS, EGDE o r 3G can access his web services and get information about medicine and diseases.1.11.2.1 Scope Limitation Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases is an online application. Without internet this system doesnt work WAP Based mobile not able to display the webpage chat required high speed internet connection Symptom checker may be diagnosis wrong if patient give wrong input Serious medical problems cant be solved using this system Only some common diseases can be diagnosis1.12. Feasibility StudyBy the means of feasibility study one can find out if an information system project can be done, and if so, how. A feasibility study should answers the following question Whether the project can be done What are alternative solutions? What are the criteria for choosing among them? Is there a preferred alternative?After a feasibility study, a decision is taken on the go ahead/no go of the project. There are a many types of feasibility study that are used for analysis of Information System. I n this project the developer has restricted the feasibility study to Technological Feasibility Study and Schedule Feasibility.1.12.1. Technical Feasibility StudyThe technical feasibility study compares the level of technology available in the software development firm and the level of technology required for the development of the product. Here the level of technology consists of the programming language, the hardware resources, Other software tools etc. (All About Information Technology)In this project the hardware and software required as the application will be deployed on a apache server, PHP 5.3 With ZEND Framework and mysql 5 Server will not be big ask at present scene. On the Client End the application just requires any current java script enable web browser.1.12.3. Operational Feasibility StudyOperational feasibility study tests the operational scope of the software to be developed. The proposed software must have high operational feasibility. The usability will be high.It i s basically used to analyse whether the system will be used if it is developed and implemented. Whether there will be resistance from users that will affect the possible application benefits? Data gathering methods such as questionnaire and interviews have been incorporated in the development plan to ensure all user requirements are collected well in hand to develop the system. We also provide help manual to better understand the tystem.1.12.3. Schedule Feasibility StudySchedule Feasibility is an assessment whether the project will be able to complete on time. Since the project deadline is fixed i.e. 32 weeks. Each project phase time-line has been established with certain milestones also including some form of deliverables like PPF, PSF and Mid-Point the project-schedule is realistic and well within reach if the established schedule is followed precisely.1.13. Major Project DeliverablesFinal Year Project Documentation Page 18Draft ProposalPPFEthical FormPSFlog sheetHard copySoft co pyFinal Year Project Documentation Page 18Start date 27th July 2010Duration 31 WeeksEnd date 20th March2Planning(total 18 days)Work Breakdown StructureSchedule and Time EstimationCritical Path MethodInterviewsGantt ChartProject Proposal FormWeeks -2.53Analysis(total 49 days)Identify project specifications Project Background Resources required Techniques to be learnt Goals and Objectives Determine System Functionalities Identify scope of researchProject Specification FormInvestigation ad Research Programming Human Computer Interaction Multimedia Design Principles User requirements DriftingAnalysis User Profiling Domain analysis System analysis Risk analysisWeeks -74System Design(Total 49 days)TasksNavigational Design Story Boarding Process DiagramAbstract Interface Design Screen layout Content Design Interactivity Design Functionality DesignMidpoint InterviewWeeks -75Implementation(Total 28 days)Code generationModule IntegrationWeeks -46Testing and Evaluation(Total 35days)Test Plans Unit TestingIntegration TestingSystem TestingCritical EvaluationWeeks -57Project Ending(Total 35days)Submission of the finished productPresentationWeeks -52. Problem DescriptionWhen people are sick, they must make critical decisions about when and where they should receive healthcare. Unfortunately, most people lack the medical knowledge needed to make these decisions safely.Online Smart Diagnosis is powered by a computer program that performs symptom triage. The goal of symptom triage is to decide when, and where, you should seek care when you have symptoms. Symptom triage does not replace a physician evaluation or make a diagnosis.Over the past 12 years, healthcare professionals in the U.S. government and major managed care organizations have used the program extensively, proving its effectiveness. Like FreeMD.com improves medical outcomes by helping consumers determine the most appropriate time and place to receive care from a healthcare professional. (How it Works)With so many o ptions for care today, its becoming more important for you to know where you should get care when you develop symptoms. Choices includeEmergency RoomUrgent Care CenterPhysician OfficePhysician eVisit (via the web, e-mail, or phone)Dentist OfficeNurse Retail ClinicYour choice on where to get care is important because not all of these locations are equipped to treat all health problems. If you make the wrong choice, you risk delaying your diagnosis and treatment. A wrong choice could also lead you to over-pay for the same care you could have received in a less expensive setting. Online Smart Diagnosis was created to safely direct you to the right location where you get the care you need, without paying more than you need to.Online Smart Diagnosis performs a medical interview, just like a real doctor. During the interview, you answer questions about your symptoms and past medical history. Online Smart Diagnosis is designed to be fast (average encounter time is less than 2 minutes), so you get help fast At the end of the process, FreeMD.com generates a report that provides the following informationWhat might be causing your symptoms?When should you see a doctor?Where should you seek care?What kind of doctor should you see?What should you do to care for yourself?There are many palaces in the world where you cant find a single doctor.There are only 54 doctors per 100,000 peoples in Africa.Presently, Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors.In many parts of the world, far too many children and adults are dying unnecessarily from easily treatable diseases.In a world where many of us take basic healthcare for granted, one in six children in Zambia will still not reach the age of five.Too often this problem is simply due to the lack of access to effective primary healthcare. Whether it is the huge distances to health centres and lack of transport, the lack of doctors in many regions, or the simple shortage of resources such as medications, very often easily treatable conditions are left until it is too late.From above information we can say, there is a desperate lack of primary healthcare available to rural communities in many parts of the world due to their geographical isolation, shortage of doctors, and lack of resources. The Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases Project is an innovative new venture that aims to use mobile clinics and internet to save lives.3. Literature ReviewDevelopment of successful project starts with a solid and deep Research. Thus, Research will be an on-going process throughout the project. Researches need in every phase let it be planning, user interface designing or anything and especially when you are in process of building comprehensible website. The research area will also consist of the development process model which will be used for the project. Getting good hands on programming languages and mastering back-ends will also be a challenge and research work. For developing this project I am going to flow Web Engineering model. I think this is the best model to make web based project.3.1. Web Engineering and WebE Process modelAs Web-based systems play increasingly important roles in a number of applications, the demands placed on these systems and their complexity have also increased significantly. Also, there is growing need for improved quality, performance and availability of Web-based systems as we are now more dependent on Web-based systems than ever before. But, most Web-based systems are poorly developed in ad hoc manner and hence they exhibit poor performance and are susceptible for major failures. Web-based system development, in most cases, lacks rigour, systematic approach to design, disciplined development process and quality control and assurance procedures. Hence, there is growing concern about the performance, quality, integrity, maintainability and scalability of complex Web based systems. Web engineering advocates a process and a systematic approach to development of hi gh quality Web-based systems and aims to bring the potential chaos in Web-based system development under control and enhance scalability, maintainability and quality. It is a rapidly emerging as a new discipline for successful development and deployment of large Web-based systems in a range of applications. Web Engineering is an evolving development methodology dedicated to the development of superior Internet and Web Applications. It advocates a standardized process and follows a systematic approach. (S. Murugesan, Y. Deshpande, S. Hansen and A. Ginig, 1999)Web engineering principles and approaches can fix the issues related to web development methodology gaining complete control over the process, minimizing risk and improving the quality and maintainability(Ginige Murugesan, 2000)Web Engineering ActivitiesSuccessful Web-based system development and deployment is a process, not just an event as currently perceived and practiced by many developers and academics. Web engineering is a holistic approach and deals with all aspects of web-based development, starting from concerting and development to implementation, performance evaluation, and continual maintenance. (Suh, 2005)(Suh, 2005)Web Engineering Development ProcessReasons behind choosing the WebE process model Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases going to be a web based project and as developer have chosen web engineering model, it would be easy and profitable to follow the process model suggested under the web engineering.The WebE process model is deliberately developed for the web applications and it addresses the specific needs of a web application which differs from the traditional software and is not addressed by the traditional software methodologies, too. Developers system is a web based system and would have a feature that can be looked after only by a dedicated web process model and thats why I found WebE useful.Take time to understand the business needs and product objectives, even if WebA pp details are vague.Describe how users will interact with the WebApp using a scenario-based approachDevelop a brief project plan.Spend time modeling what you are going to build 3.2 Academic ResearchSmart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine is a project where research is going to be very crucial. I have contact with doctor for gathering information. Some of friends who are medical student are going to help in making the database. There are already some system are on the market. From this kind of system I can learn, how I can make this kind of system. Academic Research means extracting information from others hard earned experiences like going through books, journals, paper presentations and other published materials.My project has multidirectional requirementsMedical Since this project deals with Medical, patient and so I will need to go through various Medical books so that at least I should have an idea how can I make a virtual medical agent.Patient I have to understand what a patient want from a doctor. What kind of patient should able to use this kind of system?Software Engineering TechniquesWeb engineering , Mobile WEB technologiesNetwork and Internet Databases there will be a huge use and requirements for databases, since everything will be stored at backend. So I will need a secure, big databaseReports generation

Breakfast Club Character Evaluations Essay -- essays research papers

The Breakfast Club was a movie about five very divers(prenominal) characters, Claire, Andrew, Brian, Allison, and John bend. Claire was a popular girl, Andrew was a wrestler (jock), Brian was intellectually gifted, Allison was a basket case, and John carousal was a rebel. On the outside they seem like very different people, in fact they were all socially opposite, further they also shared so much. As the movie starts out, the five teenagers are existence punished with Saturday detention their assignment for the next eight hours was to right a paper entitled Who Am I? Their most probable assumption was from them to draw up about their achievements. Being students in America, we are all raised to excel at whatever we do, whether it be at grades, wrestling, or being popular. Since they judged themselves by what they do and achieve, their self-identities depend upon their achievements, (Kimball and Leidich page three). This leads to competitiveness, envy, jealously, and greed. Ben der was jealous of Claire social status and of her leading a better life and to react to that he yelled at her and over-exaggerated the truth. He judged her by material possessions (earrings) and by social standings (prom queen), and he judged himself against her and that led to him wanting what she has (earrings and virginity). First he tried being more competitive with her by duty her names and putting her down so that he could seem higher and cooler than her. Then he became envious and jealous of her, wanting what she had. This two and then lead to greed. Fortunately for the both of them, they got beyond the achievements and fell in love. They learned to judge each other by the quality of their relationships and their lives. On the outside, Andrew thought that Brian had a pretty good life. He had both good, loyal friends and great grades, something he could possibly be envious of. It appears that Brian had great friends that did not judge him for what he did, but who he was. Br ian wanted to hang out with the cool people, but he knew his social class. Possibly, he used a flare gun to kill himself because he felt that was the way his clique functioned and that would make his death more appealing to the popular. Alison felt that she needed someone to talk to. This is why she showed up. She was ignored by her parents and in all likelihood felt that anyone was good enough to ... ...t he couldnt think for himself. When he did, he liked Brian and Alison, but his clique requirement is probably not to be involved with them. Brians relationships dont have a cost of belonging he and any new friends are probably welcomed all the period without a requirement. Bender, though he does not admit it, has a cost of belonging also. His friends would reject Brian in fear of him telling or something along that line. Claire told him that yet his clique had requirements. She said that he if they were saw by his friends walking down the hallway, he would say that hes having s ex with her.I thought that he film helped a lot with the text. Without the movie, the material would be very dry and hard to understand. The movie gave examples of everything so far in the text. It gave examples of the hierarchy of needs (like Bender still needing safety need before belongingness and love) the types of fear (rejection with Claire and a mask failure with Brian and overachieving and pain and suffering with Andrew and his making fun of and torturing the innocent) last, addiction with Bender and Alison with the way they are always, at school and at home.

Winning is the only thing :: essays research papers

Randy Roberts and James Olson in their book, Winning is the Only occasion Sports in America since 1945, explored the world of sports since the end of World War II. Their book covers the many aspects of sports, from the athletes and management to the fans and the media. The authors first make clear differences in the way large number viewed sports before the war and how they did after the war. The book talks a lot about the astounding transformation of sports in America during the post war era.The impersonal of sports before world warII matched up to the original idea of such games. Athletes, for the most part, played to do just that- every sports as their hobbies (Roberts, Olson xi) games were intended to be turn for the players and just as a board game of candy land, sports were activities in which the game was on the court, field, diamond, or whatever the game board was. The minds of people were alter with war and the everyday challenges of life (xi). Thus, people found spor ts to be a way of escape from all that they faced fans as vigorous as athletes. However, in a matter of a few years the entertainment of sports changed dramatically.After World War II, it could be said that Americans put their identity, worth, and security in sports. They felt up the need to stand up to the world to show them who their country was and what it stood for. Americans came to take sports very seriously, and they watched and played for the highest economic, politic, and personal stakes(xii).other countries began to represent themselves through sports as well and, in a sense, the war continued though the means of these games. Especially in the Olympics, whole countries fought to win and be seen as the superior. Sports was a way of, non only representing pride in the athletes, but also a way of showing the world who its government, communities, families, and all that America stood for. Roberts and Olson describe athletes during this era as content soldiers of sport (19) as in the defeat of war, when America lost in the name of sports, it was in no way gone unnoticed by the legal age of the country. For America, losing many of the medals during the 1960 Olympic games was a reason to make excuses for such an unfortunate happening of the country(22.

The Individuals with Disability Education Act Policy Essay -- Politics

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( persuasion), which is a supersession of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is a federal uprightness which requires states and their school districts to provide individuals with disabilities a free and appropriate education. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 meg eligible infants, toddlers, electric shaverren and youth with disabilities. US surgical incision Of Education (n.d.)The population that IDEA intends to effect is children between the ages of three and twenty one years of age who rush a item disability that has an adverse effect on the students performance. Children who qualify under IDEA are provided with services and accommodations individualized to suit their needs. IDEA entitles all children suspected of having some form of disability to an evaluation by a team and at no cost to the parents or guardians. If the child is determined to need special education and related services, an Individual Education Plan (IEP) is developed based on each childs specific needs which are decided by both team and parents/guardians. Encyclopedia of educational Psychology (2008)Once covered under an IEP, the students with disabilities are re-evaluated at to the lowest degree every three years and their IEPs is reviewed when a change in place occurs. This is most often annually as they go from grade to grade. IDEA recognizes autism, deaf-blindness, deafness, emotional disturbance, hearing impairment, other health impairment (i.e., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), specific learning disability, speech or language impairment, traumatic brain detriment and visual impairment. An evaluation for services under I... ...EA Policy Solutions to Improve US Special Education. Retrieved April 16, 2011, from http//www.brookings.edu/DiNitto, D. M. (2011). Social Welfare Politics and Public Policy (7th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology (2008). Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from http//www.sage-ereference.com/educationalpsychology/Article_n139.htmlLloyd, PhD, C. M., & Rosman, PhD, E. (2005). Infants and Young Children. Exploring Mental Health Outcomes for Low-income Mothers of Children with Special Needs Implications for Policy and Practice, 18(3), 186-199. National Association of Social Workers (2008). Code of Ethics. Retrieved April 16, 2011, from http//www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/default.aspUS Department Of Education (n.d.). Building the Legacy of IDEA. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from http//idea.ed.gov